Gladiators: Warriors of the Ancient World

In the later Roman Empire it was gladiators and emperors alike frequently came from overseas. Emperor Septimius Severus was born in Africa and his wife in Syria, as was a gladiator named Flamma who was captured and sent to fight in Sicily. There, in the ludus, he fights alongside fellow gladiators such as Delicatus, forging bonds that define his career. His epitaph records 34 fights: 21 victories, 9 draws, and only 4 defeats. After his final bout, he dies at the age of 30. His gravestone exposes not only the brutal realities of gladiatorial life but also the comradeship and loyalty of the gladiators. Flamma’s story embodies the grandeur, violence, and complexity of Rome’s obsession with bloodsport.

Emperor Commodus shocks Rome by casting aside tradition and becoming a gladiator. Over 14 days of extravagant games, he slays wild beasts, spars with helpless opponents, and indulges his fantasy of godhood - dressed as Hercules, demanding adoration. Behind the spectacle lies growing discontent: the Senate scorned, the treasury drained, and power abused, as he trains as a gladiator in his country estate. When Commodus plans to inaugurate the new year from the gladiators’ barracks, his inner circle panics. Poisoned by his mistress Marcia and strangled by his trainer Narcissus, Commodus dies; a far cry from the hero he imagined. His death sparks civil war, ushering in the Severan dynasty. His legacy is condemned, and Commodus remains one of the most bizarre figures in Roman history, an emperor who tried to rule from the arena, not the throne.

In 80 CE, Rome unveils the Colosseum with 100 days of games hosted by Emperor Titus. The spectacles include mock sea battles, gladiator combat, and savage beast hunts. At the centre of the blood-soaked spectacle is Carpophorus, an African beast hunter enslaved by the Romans. Trained in the art of killing wild animals, he becomes a star of the arena, famed for slaying lions, bears, rhinos, and more, drawing comparisons to Hercules. But while crowds cheer, Rome’s games exact a toll. Ecosystems across the empire are ravaged; animals are hunted to extinction, and people are enslaved to supply the appetite for bloodsport. When Domitian succeeds Titus, the games grow even more extreme. Today, the Colosseum stands not just as a symbol of Roman might, but as a reminder of the violence, exploitation, and ecological devastation masked as spectacle.

A Roman citizen Marcus Attilius chooses to become a gladiator to clear his debts. He wins fame and admiration, becoming a people’s hero. His rise occurs as Pompeii’s amphitheatre becomes a symbol of Roman dominance and spectacle. But less than two decades later, Vesuvius erupts, destroying the city. Marcus’s fate remains a mystery, yet his story lives on through the legacy of Pompeii’s games.