Japanology Plus

Japan's convenience stores stock more than just food. Some sell clothes or provide administrative services. Others even use avatars and robots alongside human employees. We look at Japan's "konbini."

The number of bookstores in Japan is decreasing, but both major chains and independent stores are finding creative ways to attract book lovers. We look at the next chapter for Japan's bookstores.

Ziaul Karim, an agricultural scientist from Bangladesh, practices unique farming methods in Okayama to show how accessible agriculture can be. He works with locals to grow and use uncommon crops.

Japanese offices used to prioritize order and efficiency, but today they're becoming spaces that foster conversation, with cafe-like layouts and even saunas. We explore how the workplace is evolving.

Sake is enjoying a global boom, but in Japan, breweries are facing a crisis as consumption falls. We explore the future of sake through artisanal skills, technology, and a new generation's efforts.

Origami is the art of folding paper into a wide variety of shapes, from animals and flowers to highly complex designs. Lately, its principles have even been applied to space exploration and medicine.

Johan Nordstrom, a film scholar from Sweden, specializes in early Japanese cinema. He tells us about movies from over a century ago and Japan's unique tradition of live narration for silent films.

Peter Barakan visits the region of Tosa, famous for the mighty Kuroshio Current and bonito fishing. It is also the place where the high priest Kobo Daishi is said to have attained enlightenment.

Once a poor fisher boy, John Manjiro became the first Japanese person to receive a formal education in the US and played a key role in Japan's modernization. Peter Barakan visits his hometown in Tosa.

Japanese stationery is famous for its quality, design, and functionality. We look at many unique items, including products for research labs, left-handed users, and even writing in virtual space.

With its unique smell and stickiness, people either love or hate natto. But eating natto has been linked to longevity, and a substance in this powerful food could even help solve environmental issues!

Family restaurants are uniquely Japanese establishments that are also popular with solo diners. We see how innovative services have helped them survive the ups and downs of the restaurant industry.

Stephen Turner, from the UK, loves Japanese trains so much that his passion became his job. We join him on a trip through Chiba Prefecture and explore the appeal of Japan's regional railways.

Mamachari bikes, which originated in Japan, are designed to meet the needs of all kinds of people. They even helped women enter the workforce. We discover what makes them so unique and special.

Found all over Japan, torii are gateways to Shinto shrines and the deities within. We meet people trying to rebuild torii after a huge earthquake and examine what torii mean to Japanese people.

Japan's bespoke leather shoes are admired around the world, and there is even a Japanese leader in the realm of shoeshining. We explore the skills and services in Japan's leather shoemaking industry.

Octopuses are not only eaten in Japan but also depicted in works of art. They may be regarded as objects of worship or even kept as pets. We untangle Japan's long relationship with these creatures.

Johan Leutwiler, from Switzerland, is currently Japan's only foreign swordsmith. In a Japanophiles interview, he tells us about being drawn to the world of Japanese swords and sword making.

As the need for circular economies grows, there's a new focus on repairing products. We look at how people in Japan maintain items using approaches ranging from traditional kintsugi to modern skills.

Onigiri are becoming a global phenomenon. Colorful new styles are generating a buzz on social media, and convenience stores continue to develop new products. We investigate the latest developments.

End-of-life planning is spreading in Japan, with many people now thinking hard about what to do with their cremated remains. We learn about diverse graves, including options such as "tree burials."

The world loves Japan's heavy machinery. We explore the secrets of its popularity and learn about items ranging from small excavators to cranes that erect skyscrapers in cramped urban spaces.

French journalist and "sento ambassador" Stephanie Crohin promotes sento, or public bathhouses, on social media. She tells Peter Barakan about her love for the heartwarming world of public baths.

Japanese raccoon dogs, or tanuki, are globally rare but have increasingly been seen in Japan's cities since the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate their long history in tradition and folklore.

Around 900 roadside service areas provide amenities along Japan's expressway toll roads, and many are now popular leisure destinations. We examine their evolution and links with local communities.

One of the world's top three production centers for eyeglasses is Sabae, in Fukui Prefecture. We trace the history of Japanese glasses, from the earliest examples to cutting-edge technology.

Lekh Raj Juneja, from India, leads Japan's largest manufacturer of rice snacks. In a Japanophiles interview, he talks about the international potential of Japan's rice processing craftsmanship.

Scholar Minakata Kumagusu made contributions to biology, folklore and other fields. He laid the foundation for environmental conservation in Japan. We explore the environments that inspired his work.

Shugendo is a uniquely Japanese spiritual tradition known for its grueling ascetic practices. We explore its origins in the heavily forested mountains of Kumano, and learn about practitioners.

Japanese food tech products such as soybean-based meat substitutes are made using new technology. Land-based aquaculture and 3D food printing are also in the spotlight. We look at the latest products.

Roughly 90% of Japan's plastic models are made in Shizuoka, a city whose manufacturing roots date back to shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. We explore the latest developments for Japan's superb plastic models.

Wakocha, black tea grown and processed in Japan, is winning major international awards. To discover why, Peter Barakan speaks to tea farmers, picks tea leaves, and tastes different varieties.

Nicoleta Oprisan from Romania is highly skilled at ikebana, the Japanese art of flower arranging. In a Japanophiles interview, she speaks about ikebana's power to communicate without words.

Japan's many vacant homes are being used as investments, hotel rooms and opportunities for creative renovation. We discover ways to reimagine properties that were once regarded as almost worthless.

After a slow start, Japanese washing machines have become some of the most advanced in the world. We look at their development and the latest innovations.

It's a 20th anniversary special! Presenters and viewers join Peter Barakan to look back at some highlights. Part two features fans from around the world discussing great moments from the show's past.

It's a 20th anniversary special! Presenters and viewers join Peter Barakan to look at some highlights. Part one features musician and Japanology fan Todd Rundgren, sake tasting and taiko drumming.

Matthew Headland, a Canadian, works in marketing at a hand-hammered copperware workshop. In a Japanophiles interview, he shares his enthusiasm for the craft with Peter Barakan.

Two thirds of Japan is covered in forest, and wood has long been the building material of choice. But today, forests are in poor condition. We look at current efforts to revitalize forestry in Japan.

While Japan's population ages, many "active seniors" energetically participate in work and hobbies. An 88-year-old programmer and 104-year-old timepiece repairer show the secrets of senior success.

Japan was arguably one of the cleanest places in the world in centuries past. But today, garbage is a major issue. In other countries, rubbish may be sent straight to the landfill, but in Japan—where available space is limited—it is generally incinerated first. Even so, landfill space is running out, and new methods are needed. Among the sites Peter Barakan visits as he explores paths to the future is a surprisingly beautiful incineration plant, designed by world-renowned artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

Luna lionfish and black rabbitfish ... these are examples of "unused fish" that tend to be discarded. Why? They're unfamiliar to consumers and often difficult to process. But as the ocean heats up and familiar fish dwindle in number, these "unused fish" may become a crucial part of global food supplies. We meet a fisherman who sells such fish directly to customers and visit a restaurant that specializes in preparing unusual fish. Peter Barakan learns an easy cooking method and discovers the many benefits of unconventional seafood. Along the way, we learn about Japan's fish-eating culture.

In ningyo joruri, three people work together to make beautifully crafted puppets seem amazingly lifelike. US puppeteer Martin Holman is a devotee of this Japanese performing art, which has around 400 years of history. Nowadays, he leads a troupe of his own in Tokushima Prefecture, home to Awa ningyo joruri. On this episode of Japanophiles, Peter Barakan explores the world of ningyo joruri and learns how Martin Holman is expanding its horizons with the help of performers young and old from several countries.

Japanese honeybees are wild, difficult to farm, and produce less honey than the Western honeybees used for most commercial honey production. But the multifloral honey they produce has a rich and complex flavor. Caring for Japanese honeybees brings hobbyist beekeepers closer to the profundity and unpredictability of nature. We learn about creative approaches to looking after Japanese honeybees, and about the surprising way they deal with predators.

Sometimes described as "solo opera," Rokyoku was once Japan's most popular form of entertainment, with top performers among the richest people in the land. Rokyoku rose to prominence in the late 19th century, but the advent of TV triggered a rapid decline. Now young performers are revitalizing this storytelling art by incorporating English, rock and pop music, and even dance. Peter Barakan experiences rokyoku in both old and new styles. And in Plus One, Kyle Card tries giving a performance himself.

In Japan, one in every seven homes is empty. These 8.5 million vacant properties may increase the risk of fire and burglary, or negatively impact local real estate prices. But new ways are emerging to make use of them. In one regional community, empty homes were turned into high-tech offices or shops, and the local population began to increase. In Tokyo, finding new tenants for shops has revitalized a shopping street. We find out why there are so many vacant homes in Japan and discover some creative solutions.

An Italian psychiatrist who uses an original "anime therapy" approach is the guest in this episode of Japanophiles, an occasional series in which we look at Japan through the eyes of residents who originally come from other parts of the world. Francesco Panto was bullied as a child but took comfort in anime. That led to his unusual approach to improving mental health. We hear Panto's story and learn how his work might help to address the widespread challenge of mental health issues among young Japanese.

Life in Amami Oshima was once so tough that the islanders devised a way to make a poisonous plant edible. Harsh circumstances nurtured their resilience and resourcefulness on a subtropical island that was ruled by different outside forces as the centuries passed. Folk music became a medium for private communication, and in secret they produced silk fabric with a distinctive black beauty. In the second of two episodes, Peter Barakan gets to the heart of Amami Oshima's unique culture.

We explore Amami Oshima, a subtropical paradise, through the stunning art of Tanaka Isson. Sometimes referred to as "the Japanese Gauguin," Isson found new inspiration after moving to this southern island. While his work was not appreciated during his lifetime, today it is frequently featured in exhibitions around Japan. In the first of two episodes about Amami Oshima, Peter Barakan follows in Isson's footsteps, and discovers why his work has become so enduringly popular.

In Japan, businesses are linking meteorological data and sales figures in order to predict consumer demand. This is helping to reduce waste and lower carbon dioxide emissions through optimization of distribution networks. One popular app charts the relationship between the weather and headaches or feeling "under the weather" in other ways. We explore how meteorological data is contributing to everyday life in Japan these days.

Ueno, in Tokyo, is visited by 25 million tourists each year. It is home to world-class museums and educational facilities, bustling street markets, important shrines and temples, a zoo, and much more. There are surely few places in the world where so many different cultural elements are woven into the same urban district. An expert introduces Peter Barakan to some of the many faces of Ueno, and helps to explain its enduring popularity with visitors and local residents alike.

The Japanophile series looks at Japan through the eyes of long-term residents who were born in another part of the world. This time we meet Isabelle Sasaki, a karate instructor from France. She volunteered in Ofunato after it was hit hard by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Eventually she moved there and set up a branch of the Japan Karate Association, making her a rare instance of a woman from another country teaching karate in Japan. She also works in tourism promotion and helps her husband with his scallop farming. Isabelle Sasaki shares her enthusiasm for her adopted hometown and the martial art of karate.

Konnyaku is an important element of Japanese cuisine. It has long been known as a high-fiber, diet-friendly food, and in recent years it's been shown to offer benefits for health conditions including dementia and diabetes. Outside Japan, its popularity is on the rise, and it has started to appear in dishes like pasta. Konnyaku is a chewy, jelly-like food made from the extremely bitter corm of the konjac plant. How is it processed? And what other uses does it have? Peter Barakan visits Japan's top producing area to learn all about this surprising food.

In Japan, economic conditions may be challenging, but male cosmetics are selling increasingly well. Social media and the normalization of remote working have contributed to a growing concern among men about their appearance. The increasing popularity of hair removal treatment is evidence of that trend. But looking back at Japanese history, we see that for over a thousand years, it was normal for men to wear makeup. We look at the evolution of male aesthetics in Japan.

In Japan, interest in camping is booming. Popular choices these days include women-only camping and solo camping. Some prefer glamping, where you don't have to set up your own tent. Camping has also been drawing attention as a good way to prepare for disaster. Peter Barakan visits a campsite with an outdoor expert to get the latest information, and to find out more about why so many people are going camping these days. We also see some Japanese preferences in equipment.

In the mountains of Okayama Prefecture, Kamimomi is a community whose features include beautiful terraced rice fields. But with fewer than 90 residents, it is at risk of disappearing. Here, Kyle Holzhueter from the USA engages in a form of natural construction that employs Japanese plastering techniques. One aim in all he does is a sustainable lifestyle, aligned with the power of nature. Peter Barakan learns about Holzhueter's way of life and the rich potential of Japan's rural communities.

Japan, once thought to have no dinosaur fossils, is now a hotspot for dinosaur discovery. Kamuysaurus japonicus, found in Hokkaido Prefecture, overturned conventional wisdom. Dozens of Japanese museums feature dinosaurs, and dinosaur-themed events are popular with people of all ages. Our guest, dinosaur expert Kobayashi Yoshitsugu, shares the latest information, and offers his view on why the Japanese find dinosaurs so captivating. In Plus One, we see some entertaining modern takes on dinosaurs.

Sweet potatoes are widely grown and enjoyed in Japan. They're baked, fried, served in stews and used to make desserts. Throughout history, they have offered a solution to food shortages. And nowadays, they can even help to keep a building cool in summer. Our guest, researcher Hashimoto Ayuki, introduces us to new ways of enjoying this versatile vegetable. And in Plus One, we see some innovative takes on mobile baked potato sales.

In centuries past, cooking in a Japanese kitchen involved moving between a dirt floor and a raised area with wooden floorboards. Modern kitchens, meanwhile, incorporate all sorts of convenient, space-saving measures. Our guest, associate professor Suzaki Fumiyo, tells the story of that evolution, and explains why some Japanese are choosing to go back to a traditional dirt-floor kitchen. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns about some traditional kitchen utensils.

The moon has been cherished and admired throughout Japanese history. People have long held moon-viewing events, and expressed gratitude for the moon's role in successful harvests. Our expert guest, Miura Yasuko, speaks about moon-related traditions, and comments on why people in Japan feel such an affinity for the moon. We learn about developments in the space industry presently advancing in Japan. And in Plus One, Matt Alt visits a toy company that has created a miniature robot for exploring the lunar surface.

Andrew Dewar, originally from Toronto, Canada, is a designer of paper airplanes. His interest was sparked at the age of ten, when he encountered a sleek, unfamiliar paper-airplane design. Dewar contacted its creator: Ninomiya Yasuaki, a Japanese master of the craft. The encounter inspired a lifelong passion. In a Japanophiles interview, Dewar tells Peter Barakan about his innovative approach to paper-airplane design, and explains why Japan is the perfect place for fans of this activity.

Japan suffers from frequent water-related natural disasters, such as flooding, landslides and storm surges. Throughout history, methods to mitigate their effects have been devised. Our guest, university professor Kawaike Kenji, introduces a facility that recreates disaster conditions in order to study them. We hear why these events are so common in Japan, and explore some potential solutions. And in Plus One, Matt Alt tries out some innovative emergency supplies.

The average age of the Japanese population is rising quickly. To offer care that matches the diverse needs of Japan's many elderly people, Japan produces a wide range of welfare goods. Various ingenious products offer physical and emotional support to help people live independently. Our guest, physiotherapist Matsuba Takashi, introduces a number of devices, including wheelchairs and one-handed chopsticks. We also see how robots are used in modern welfare facilities.

Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century, and since then, they have become widely admired. Many people keep them as pets, and they are a common motif on everyday objects. Our guest, author and goldfish expert Kawada Yonosuke, introduces various unusual varieties, and explains the role that goldfish play in Japanese culture. Peter tries his hand at goldfish scooping, and we meet an artist presenting goldfish in an innovative new way.

Gregory Khezrnejat is an author and university associate professor from the United States. In 2021, his Japanese-language novel Kamogawa Runner won the second annual Kyoto Literature Award. The novel is inspired by Khezrnejat's early experiences in Japan. In a Japanophiles interview, he talks to Peter Barakan about the challenges involved in expressing yourself in a second language. He reads excerpts from the book, and talks about his work as an associate professor of literature at a Japanese university.

In Japan, frozen food is an essential part of many people's lives. Companies are constantly developing new techniques that make products tastier, longer lasting and more convenient. Our guest, consumer consultant Miura Yoshiko, explains why frozen food is so popular. She introduces some of the latest developments, such as flash freezing. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns about new types of ice.

Okinawa Prefecture is a group of subtropical islands in the far south of Japan. It was previously a prosperous maritime trading state called the Ryukyu Kingdom. In the second of 2 episodes about Okinawa, we focus on the kingdom's political and cultural hub: Shuri Castle. Our guest, historian Takara Kurayoshi, talks about working on the castle's reconstruction, and shares how he felt in 2019, when a devastating fire burned it to the ground. He also tells us about the forthcoming reconstruction project.

*First broadcast on July 14, 2022.Okinawa Prefecture is a group of subtropical islands in the far south of Japan. It was previously a prosperous maritime trading state called the Ryukyu Kingdom. In the first of 2 episodes about Okinawa, we discover how the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained an independent identity for 450 years. Our guest, historian Uezato Takashi, talks about the clever diplomatic strategies Ryukyu used with its larger neighbors, China and Japan. And we learn how that contributed to an eclectic and original outlook.

In Japan, vinyl records have made a comeback. Sales in 2021 were 10 times higher than they were in 2010. Japan's second-hand records are well-regarded all over the world because they're generally kept in great condition. Our guest, Honne Makoto, works for a record manufacturing company. He tells us about the history of vinyl in Japan, and its appeal in the modern era. We also see how world-class Japanese technology contributes to making vinyl records and the machines that play them.

40% of the motor vehicles in Japan are ultra-compact "kei" cars. These light vehicles are maneuverable, practical and cost-efficient. Tiny "kei" pickup trucks, known as "keitora," are especially common in rural Japan. They're perfect for narrow unpaved countryside roads. Our guest, motoring journalist Maruyama Makoto, shows us how "keitora" usage is diversifying in modern Japan. And in Plus One, Vinay Murthy makes a dry landscape garden on the back of a tiny truck.

Claudio Feliciani is a Swiss-Italian scientist whose main interest is the movement of crowds. He worked alongside 3 Japanese scientists on a study that examined why people bump into each other when some of them are looking at a smartphone. It won an Ig Nobel Prize, which honors research that first makes you laugh, then makes you think. In a Japanophiles interview, Feliciani tells Peter Barakan how he ended up in Japan, and why he finds crowds so fascinating.

The "Showa era" was the period of Japanese history between 1926 and 1989. The 60s, 70s and 80s are fondly remembered in Japan as a time when many were feeling the positive effects of a booming economy. That nostalgia has been growing in recent years, even among those who didn't experience the Showa era first-hand. Our guest, Professor Kono Kohei of Ibaraki University, introduces the bold designs and physical appeal of Showa era products, and explains why cafes from those days are attracting young customers.

For hundreds of years, Japanese have used name stamps, known as Hanko, to prove their identity. People use stamps in everyday situations, such as receiving a parcel, and in formal contexts, such as business transactions. Our guest, Hanko carver Kobayashi Shigehito, shows us how a Hanko is made by hand. We also learn how the move towards remote working, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, is affecting how Hanko are used.

Japanese paper, known as washi, is attractively textured and extremely durable. For centuries, it has been used in many aspects of Japanese life and culture. Our guest, Akutsu Tomohiro, talks about his work repairing and reinforcing old documents using washi. He introduces various techniques used in Japanese paper making, and shows us some surprising new products. We also meet modern artists and craftspeople who are exploring new possibilities for washi.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, people all over the world have become accustomed to wearing masks. But in Japan, a custom of mask-wearing dates back hundreds of years. Today, innovations are addressing the communication problems that masks can cause. Our guest, science historian Sumida Tomohisa, offers his views on why Japanese feel so at ease wearing masks. And in Plus One, Lemi Duncan looks at ways to make masks more fashionable.

Steve Tallon is a cycling enthusiast from the UK. In 2005, he spent 8 months cycling from the UK to Japan. It was a 16,000-kilometer journey through Europe, the Middle East, central Asia and China. In a Japanophiles interview, Tallon tells Peter Barakan what inspired him to undertake this trip. He talks about the adventures he experienced along the way, and the appeal of cycling. Tallon, now a 30-year resident of Japan, also takes us to one of his favorite local destinations.

The Jomon period lasted from around 13,000 BC to 300 BC. This society of hunter-gatherers cherished peace, cooperation and a deep connection to the natural world. In the second of 2 episodes about the Jomon period, we look at clay figurines called Dogu. They feature dramatic poses, exaggerated features and cord-marked patterns. Museum curator Kokubo Takuya talks about research into Dogu, and the information it has revealed about their purpose and their importance.

The Jomon period lasted from around 13,000 BC to 300 BC. This society of hunter-gatherers cherished peace, cooperation and a deep connection to the natural world. In the first of 2 episodes about the Jomon period, we look at the Sannai Maruyama Site. 6,000 years ago, a large settlement was established here. Okada Yasuhiro shows us around recreated buildings, and introduces various artifacts. He explains what they tell us about the Jomon people, and their outlook on life.

Traditional Japanese homes, featuring earthen walls, wooden beams and thatched roofs, have been used for centuries. Built using local materials, they incorporated clever techniques to keep the interior warm in winter and cool in summer. Our guest, architect Maruya Hiroo, introduces several traditional houses, and explains what life was like for the people who called them home. And in Plus One, Matt Alt sees how the restoration and continued use of old houses is helping to revitalize a small town.

VTubers create online content using a computer-generated avatar. Motion capture technology enables them to record their gestures and expressions, and then apply those movements to the animated avatar. The concept emerged in the mid 2010s, and then experienced a rapid increase in popularity. Our guest, Professor Inami Masahiko, explains the appeal of interacting online using an avatar, and talks about the technology's potential. We also see how VTubing is being used to promote regional revitalization.

Kotatsu are low tables with a heat source underneath, and a blanket draped over the top. For hundreds of years, Japanese have gathered around them in the cold winter months. They're cozy and comfortable; perfect for watching TV, studying and chatting to family and friends. Our guest, architect and university professor Watanabe Shinichi, talks about the social and environmental benefits of Kotatsu. And in Plus One, Kanoa tries out Kotatsu in some unusual locations.

In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets Tom Hovasse, a basketball coach from the USA. After spending much of his playing career in Japan, Hovasse began coaching Japanese teams. In 2017 he was appointed head coach of the Japan women's national basketball team, and under his leadership they won a silver medal at the Tokyo Olympics. Following that success, he was recently appointed to a new role: head coach of the men's team. Hovasse talks about his journey, and his coaching philosophy.

Traditionally, wooden chests and cabinets are built and maintained by master artisans, using time-honored techniques and materials. Items are often passed down through multiple generations of a family, as heirlooms. Our main guest, antique shop owner Yamamoto Akihiro, introduces several unusual examples, and talks about how traditional furniture fits into the lives of young, modern Japanese.

Tatami mats are a quintessentially Japanese flooring material. They're made of rice straw, covered in woven soft rush. This gives them just the right amount of give, and a fresh natural fragrance. Tatami rooms are used for eating, sleeping and relaxing. They're also important for the tea ceremony and martial arts. Our guest is Koshima Yusuke, one of Japan's leading young architects. He talks about the positive qualities of tatami, and discusses potential new uses in the modern era.

In Japan, a great number of places, objects and customs are considered to be auspicious. Examples include beckoning cats called "maneki neko," and a special meal eaten on New Year's Day. Our guest is Shintani Takanori, who has been studying folk customs for many years. He explains the rituals and beliefs associated with visiting a shrine. He describes the complex meaning behind well-known customs. And he talks about a Japanese tendency to keep seeking out new sources of good fortune.

In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets Marty Friedman, a legendary guitarist from the USA. As a member of a well-known heavy metal band, Friedman toured the world. But a deep love for Japanese music led him to move to Tokyo. He went on to perform with major J-pop artists, and in 2016 he became an official ambassador to Japan Heritage. Friedman takes us through his journey, and explains what it is about Japanese music that he finds so appealing.

After scissors arrived in Japan, they evolved in unique ways. Japanese artisans applied traditional sword-making techniques to the creation of a broad variety of highly specialized and customized tools. Our guest is Kawasumi Masakuni, a third-generation maker of bonsai scissors. He demonstrates several different types and talks about the latest innovations. He also comments on changing perceptions of bladed tools in Japan, and his hopes for the future.

It's common to find robots in factories, assembling products. But recently, Japan has been embracing personal robots: devices designed to aid conversation, provide companionship and offer emotional support. Innovative new examples are constantly hitting the market. Our guest is robotics researcher Niiyama Ryuma. He introduces us to the latest personal robots, and talks about his own research. He explains his vision of a future where robots are a part of people's families.

Cats have recently become the most-owned pets in Japan, and their popularity continues to grow. This has led to feline celebrities, unusual products and apartments designed specifically with cat owners in mind. Our guest is zoologist Imaizumi Tadaaki. He talks about the history of cats in Japan, and the supernatural powers they were once thought to possess. He also talks about the number of feral cats in cities, and the problems that can arise when humans and animals live in close proximity.

In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets Asa Ekstrom, a manga artist from Sweden. Her work takes a humorous look at her life in Japan, and the surprising discoveries she makes every day. Ekstrom talks about falling in love with manga and anime as a teenager, and explains how she ended up as one of the most popular foreign manga creators working in Japan. We look at the collaborative process involved in developing each comic strip, and hear about her ambitions for the future.

Plastic food samples are astonishingly accurate replicas of real dishes. They can be found at the entrance to restaurants across Japan, helping potential customers to choose where to eat. They're made by expert artisans, who make molds of real food. Our guest is journalist Nose Yasunobu. He explains why three-dimensional models are so much more powerful than text or photographs. He also tells us why they became so popular in Japan, and discusses their presence in other countries.

Japanese watches and clocks are respected around the world for their accuracy and durability. Many of them incorporate the latest technology. Our guest, Oda Ichiro, spent 26 years at a watchmaking company, and is now a university lecturer. He tells us the story of Japanese clockmaking, and introduces us to some clever and innovative timepieces. We also look at the incredible leaps in accuracy being made by cutting edge atomic clocks, and learn about the potential benefits of this technology.

Tiny houses are homes that occupy around 50 square meters of land. They're appearing more and more in recent years, especially in crowded cities. Many of them feature unusual layouts and creative design. Our guest, architect Sugiura Denso, introduces clever techniques that are used to make the most of limited space. We follow the construction process from start to finish. And we take a look at low-cost prefabricated tiny houses, measuring as little as 12 square meters.

Over the centuries, Japan has suffered from repeated outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, measles and cholera. Part 1 of "Japan vs. Epidemics" covered the history of epidemics up to the mid-19th century. In Part 2, we look at modern history, including outbreaks of cholera and Spanish flu. Our guest is historian Utsumi Takashi. He explains how Japan dealt with epidemics, and talks about several people who made important contributions to the evolution of the country's medical knowledge.

Furoshiki are traditional Japanese wrapping cloths. For hundreds of years, these square pieces of fabric have been used to protect, store and carry various objects. They often feature beautiful, colorful designs, and are works of art in their own right. Our main guest, Yamada Etsuko, is the art director for a Furoshiki-making company. She teaches Peter Barakan some common wrapping technique, and introduces both traditional and modern designs.

In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets Chad Mullane, a comedian from Perth, Australia. Chad talks about Japanese comedy, and explains how he fell in love with it. We see some of his routines, and learn just how much hard work it took to become a professional in the industry. We also meet Tea Kato, Chad's long-term comedy partner, and Bonchi Osamu, a veteran performer who took Chad under his wing.

The Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami left around 19,000 people dead or unaccounted for. It renewed Japan's sensitivity to the threat of natural disasters, and in the 10 years since then, a multitude of innovative emergency products and foods have been developed. This time, our theme is Emergency Goods. Our main guest, disaster mitigation advisor Kunizaki Nobue, introduces various useful items, and explains how Japan prepares for future catastrophes.

Japanese started wearing Western clothing around 150 years ago, and today, suits are standard business attire. Our main guest, fashion journalist Yamamoto Teruhiro, describes the history of men's suits, and talks about the unique culture that has evolved around them. We hear how modern suit makers are making improvements in cost and comfort. We also meet expert tailor Ueki Noriyuki, who talks about the functionality of his suits, and the meticulous techniques involved in making them.

Lacquerware is made by coating objects with the sap of the lacquer tree. It's a traditional craft that dates back thousands of years. Lacquer offers incredible durability, as well as a distinctive luster that develops over time. Our main guest, Professor Hidaka Kaori, explains how production techniques are evolving to meet the needs of the modern world. We also see David Morrison Pike, an American potter, demonstrating Kintsugi, a technique that uses lacquer to repair broken ceramics.

Japanese use a wide range of cleaning implements, from old-fashioned brooms to modern carpet rollers. There's always a dedicated tool for the job. Sometimes, those tools have a deeper meaning. Our main guest, museum researcher Watanabe Yumiko, explains their special significance, and talks about the evolution of Japanese cleaning tools over time. We also meet broom-maker Kanbara Ryosuke, who shows us how traditional handmade brooms are put together.

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake off the coast of northeast Japan caused a devastating tsunami that left around 18,000 people dead or unaccounted for. Ishinomaki, in Miyagi Prefecture, was one of the worst-affected areas. In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets a long-term resident of the city: Richard Halberstadt, from the UK. Halberstadt talks about the disaster and its aftermath, and explains why he decided to stay and help Ishinomaki recover.

Ukiyo-e is a Japanese artform that emerged in the 17th century. Using woodblock prints, people and landscapes are brought to life with bold compositions and vivid colors. The images influenced European artists such as van Gogh, and they remain part of the visual landscape in modern Japan. Our main guest, art historian Fujisawa Murasaki, introduces several examples of ukiyo-e, and talks about its legacy. And in Plus One, Matt Alt searches Tokyo for locations featured in famous ukiyo-e pictures.

The kimono, Japan's national garment, is generally seen as traditional clothing -- something to wear on special occasions. But these days, modern and stylish kimono are making an impact in the fashion world. In a Japanophiles interview, Peter Barakan meets Sheila Cliffe, from the UK, who fell in love with kimono during a trip to Japan, and went on to become an authority on the subject. She talks about her life journey, and presents some contemporary styles.

Japan's libraries are cornerstones of their communities. Besides loaning out books, they promote local culture, support young people and offer a place to relax. This time, our theme is libraries. Our main guest, Professor Tamura Shigeru of the University of Nagano, talks about how they have evolved in recent years, in response to demographic and legal changes. And in Plus One, we take a look at some unusual regional libraries.

This time, our theme is moss. In some countries, it is regarded almost as a weed, but in Japan, it's cherished. Moss can be found in the gardens of temples and shrines, in forests and mountains and even in large cities. Our main guest is Oishi Yoshitaka, an associate professor at Fukui Prefectural University. He introduces us to different species of moss, and explains the role it plays in both the natural world, and in Japanese gardening. And in Plus One, Kanoa makes a beautiful moss terrarium.

The city of Tokyo is normally crowded with tourists, but the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the city's sightseeing spots. In a series called Tokyo Stories, Peter Barakan meets Tokyo residents who are not originally from Japan, to hear how their lives have been affected. This time he meets Josh Grisdale, who was born in Canada. Due to cerebral palsy, Grisdale has only limited movement in his arms and legs. He talks about his daily life, and the theme of accessibility in the realm of tourism.

Tokyo is a crowded city. Its rooftops represent valuable space, and they're used in some very creative ways. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is Tokyo rooftops. Our main guest is Kurakata Shunsuke, an architectural history specialist from Osaka City University. He takes us on a tour of amusement parks, gardens and other unique rooftop spaces. We also meet photographer Takano Akira, who shows us his favorite city rooftops. Along the way we discover rooftop shrines, rice fields and many more surprises.

A significant portion of Japan's manufacturing industry is handled by small factories known as "urban workshops," with less than 30 workers. Despite their small scale, a number of urban workshops are globally renowned. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is urban workshops. Our main guest is university professor Hashimoto Hisayoshi. He takes us to several workshops, and draws attention to some of their chief characteristics.

Rice crackers and other rice-based snacks have been widely consumed in Japan for hundreds of years. Each region of the country has its own twist. Some places use seafood, while others use wheat flour. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is rice snacks. Our main guest is Kodama Kyoko, an independent food journalist and an authority on rice crackers. She talks about their history, and explains how the rice snack industry is diversifying to fit modern needs.

Kohfukuji, a World Heritage Site, is a prominent Buddhist temple in Nara, western Japan. One of its priests is Gyoei Saile, from Germany. In a Japanophiles interview, he tells Peter Barakan how his interest in Buddhism developed, and we learn about the extremely difficult exam he had to pass in order to become eligible to assume the abbacy of Kohfukuji. Saile also takes us through his daily routine, and offers thoughts on the role that Buddhism can play in contemporary Japan.

Aloha shirts are popular symbols of Hawaii, worn by tourists and Hawaiians alike. A look back at their history reveals a Japanese connection -- they were often made by people of Japanese descent, using materials and techniques from kimono making. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is aloha shirts. Our main guest, Nakano Yoshihiro, has worked with the garments for over 20 years. He goes into detail about the contribution Japanese made to their origin and development.

South Korean film, TV drama and music have been popular in Japan for some time, but more recently there's been a growing appreciation for Korean literature. One of the major contributors to that trend is Kim Seungbok, from South Korea, who set up a publishing company and bookshop in Tokyo. In a Japanophiles interview, she tells Peter Barakan about her love of books, and about her efforts to introduce the literature of her home country to a Japanese audience.

Throughout Japanese history, expert craft skills requiring dexterity and judgment have enhanced everyday life. These skills are often applied by anonymous local artisans, who have inherited them from generations past. This time on Japanology Plus, we take a close look at expert craft skills, and the value they hold. Our main guest is Fukasawa Naoto, a renowned product designer who is also the director of The Japan Folk Crafts Museum. He talks about his philosophy of simplicity in design.

Geisha have existed for hundreds of years, but in modern Japan they are declining in number. It's a story that's repeated across many forms of traditional Japanese culture. This time on Japanology Plus: the world of geisha, and the challenges ahead. Our main guests, Watanabe Kazuko and Mayumi, run a geisha association, and have decades of experience in the industry. They explain the challenges they face, and offer insights into how hard it can be to maintain tradition.

Wasabi is a plant that grows natively in Japan's mountain valleys. It's used to make a condiment with a distinctive green color and an eye-watering impact. Most commonly served with sushi and soba, it is a pillar of Japanese cuisine. Our theme this time on Japanology Plus is wasabi. Our main guest is Mukasa Chieko, a food journalist. She talks about the plant's many surprising uses. We also meet Mita Shinichi, a farmer who explains the intricacies of wasabi cultivation.

Over the centuries, Japan has suffered from repeated outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, measles and cholera. Where did the people of the past think these epidemics came from? And how did they cope? Our theme this time is Japan vs. Epidemics. Our main guest is Yamamoto Satomi, an art historian. She explains historical attitudes to disease by examining works of art, and the characters they feature. We also take a look at a contemporary social media trend.

Rakugo is a traditional form of storytelling that emerged in 17th century Japan. Using minimal props, a single performer creates amusing and sometimes moving scenes featuring multiple characters. Johan Nilsson Bjoerk, from Sweden, is one of Japan's very few foreign Rakugo professionals. In a Japanophiles interview, he tells Peter Barakan about the artform. He also talks about his 4 years as an apprentice to the veteran performer Sanyutei Koraku.

Miso, a fermented soybean paste, is a bedrock of Japanese cuisine. For many Japanese, it offers a taste of home. It is made using koji mold, a fermentation starter that flourishes in Japan. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is miso. Our guest, university professor Kanauchi Makoto, explains its health benefits, and demonstrates its many creative uses in Japanese cooking. And in Plus One, Matt Schley discovers the surprising new ways miso is being served in modern-day Japan.

There are over 90,000 cleaning establishments in Japan, and a huge number of Japanese use them regularly. Innovative machinery makes the process cheap and efficient. Stubborn stains are removed by masters of their craft. This time, our theme is laundry services. Our guest is Suzuki Kazuyuki, the third-generation owner of a Fukushima laundry business. He takes us behind the scenes at an industrial laundry plant. And in Plus One, David McMahon investigates a modern "coin laundry."

In Japan, professional wrestling has gained popularity as an entertaining combination of entertainment and sport. In recent years, Japanese professional wrestling has even become popular abroad. A key factor in this success has been the shrewd judgment of New Japan Pro-Wrestling CEO Harold George Meij. Using his business expertise, Meij has taken steps to improve fan involvement and marketing strategies. In a Japanophiles interview, Meij tells Peter Barakan about his passion for professional wrestling.

In March 2011, a catastrophic earthquake and tsunami devastated communities on the east coast of Tohoku, northeast Japan. We visit the region 9 years on, to learn how people coped with the disaster and its aftermath. This time, we learn about folklore in Tono, where legends about supernatural beings serve as a medium for sharing the advice of ancestors. Our guests include Yuko Kikuchi, a professional storyteller. She speaks about the local tales, and explains why they're so important.

In March 2011, a catastrophic earthquake and tsunami devastated communities on the east coast of Tohoku, northeast Japan. We visit the region 9 years on, to learn how people coped with the disaster and its aftermath. This time, we hear about survivors who say they've encountered the spirits of the dead. We also learn how bereaved parents use statues to stay in touch with children who have died. Our guests include Shigeru Kamei, who receives messages from his late wife in dreams.

A "Sunakku" is a small bar with counter seating and a friendly host. There are thousands of them spread across the country, and many Japanese visit them regularly, to talk about their day, sing karaoke and meet new people. This time, our theme is "Sunakku." Mayuko Igarashi, a journalist, explains how they work, and why they're such an important part of many people's lives. And in Plus One, Matt Alt investigates an innovative bar aimed at the elderly, which is staffed by nurses.

In Japan, the craft beer boom is in full swing. One pub in Kyoto Prefecture takes a particularly innovative approach -- they use Japanese ingredients like tea, salt and citrus fruit to brew new and interesting beers. One of the co-owners is Thomas Ainsworth, from Australia. In a Japanophiles interview, he introduces Peter Barakan to several of his beers, and explains how they're made. He also talks about how combining tea and beer is contributing to a brighter future for Wazuka, a famous tea-producing town.

On New Year's Day, Japanese families gather to share a special meal called Osechi. It consists of multiple colorful dishes, often served in multi-tiered boxes. The custom has diversified in recent years, but it remains deeply rooted in Japanese society. This time, our theme is Osechi. Food history researcher Ayao Okumura discusses its little-known origins, and its continued importance. And in Plus One, Matt Alt looks at the chopsticks used to eat Osechi, and what they rest on.

Japan's paper money incorporates some of the most advanced security features in the world, including pin-sharp watermarks, and microscopic text. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is banknotes. Researcher Takashi Uemura, a former employee of what is now known as the National Printing Bureau, tells us why cash is still the payment method of choice for most Japanese shoppers. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns about the elaborate envelopes that are used to gift money on special occasions.

Japanese macaques, a species of monkey unique to Japan, are a common sight in the country's forests and mountains. Much-loved for their expressive faces, these monkeys are sometimes seen as deities. This time on Japanology Plus, our main guest is Hiroyuki Kurita, an Oita City official whose duties include monkey management. He tells us why it's important to maintain a distance between the human and wild animal kingdoms. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns how a monkey-shaped charm protects homes and neighborhoods.

For years, David Atkinson from the United Kingdom worked in Japan as a respected financial analyst. His career took an unexpected turn when he became the CEO of one of the country's oldest restoration companies. For hundreds of years, this firm has worked on cultural properties across Japan. In a Japanophiles interview with Peter Barakan, Atkinson introduces examples of the painstaking effort involved. He also speaks about Japanese lacquer, and how he has been trying to revive the industry.

In Japan, the bath has a special status. And for Japanese, using one is an essential part of daily life. It's not just a place to wash yourself, but a chance to relax, reflect on your day, or spend time with your family. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is bathrooms. Our guest is Osamu Oba, a professor at Kyoto Prefectural University. He explains why baths are so important in Japan, and introduces us to the latest innovations. And in Plus One, Matt Alt discovers how bath additives are created.

In Japan, sword fighting is a common feature of period dramas. But Japanese swords, katana, were more than weapons. They were used in rituals, and held as status symbols. Today, they're viewed as works of art. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is swords. Our main guest is manga artist Kimiko Kamata, author of a katana-themed manga. She explains why the blades have attracted a new audience of young, female fans. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns how to properly maintain a Japanese sword.

Karakuri-ningyo, or mechanical dolls, can be regarded as traditional robots. Their technology is not just interesting but actually useful even today. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is mechanical dolls. Our guest is Yoshikazu Suematsu, a visiting professor at the Aichi Institute of Technology who introduces us to the fascinating technology behind these dolls. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns how to operate festival float dolls with local students who are carrying on the tradition.

Tokyo is an energetic, bustling metropolis. But take a few steps off the main streets, and it reveals a different side to its character. This time on Japanology Plus, we explore the backstreets and alleys of Japan's capital city. Satoshi Okamoto shows us secrets and shortcuts in Ginza. Akiko Shiihara explains how alleys have turned Yanaka into an unexpected tourist hotspot. And Hidekichi Mizuno tells us how he started his alleyway business career -- by selling tangerines on the street.

Tokyo was once known as the "city of water," but many of its rivers and waterways are now hidden from view. This time on Japanology Plus, we look at water in Japan's capital from various angles. Master brewer Shunichi Saito explains how tap water is used to make excellent sake. Tour guide Masahiro Inagaki takes us on a river cruise. And pleasure boat operator Ken Ito explains how land reclamation changed the face of water-based industries in the Tokyo Bay.

Kyogen is a traditional form of Japanese theater. It's comedy, performed on a bare stage with imaginative movements and dialogue. When Ondrej Hybl, from the Czech Republic, first saw a performance at the age of 21, he found it so appealing that he came to Japan to study it. In a Japanophiles interview with Peter Barakan, Hybl explains why he fell in love with Kyogen, and the challenges he faced when learning it. We also meet his teacher, veteran performer Shigeyama Shime.

In Japan, people often wear slippers inside their homes, schools or workplaces. It's a well-known custom, but how did it come about, and how is it evolving in modern Japan? This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is slippers. Our guest is footwear history expert Kunihiro Takechi, who tells us how and why they were invented in Japan. He also introduces some new trends in the slipper industry. And in Plus One, Matt Alt decorates a pair of indoor shoes using a technique called decoupage.

Frozen food exists all over the world, but Japan is at the cutting edge of research and development. Modern products are almost identical to fresh goods both in texture and nutritional value. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is frozen food. Our guest is university professor Toru Suzuki, who discusses the challenges involved in frozen food research. And in Plus One, Matt Alt tries cooking with frozen ingredients. His teacher is Takashi Nishikawa, a man some call the Freezer King.

Konamon means "flour-based cuisine," but in Osaka Prefecture the word generally refers to 2 specific dishes: takoyaki (bite-sized batter balls with pieces of octopus inside) and Okonomiyaki (savory pancakes made with cabbage). This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is Konamon: flour-based cuisine. Our guest is lifestyle researcher Mana Kumagai, who takes us to outstanding Konamon and Okonomiyaki restaurants. And in Plus One, Matt Alt learns how to make Monjayaki, a Tokyo twist on flour-based food.

After studying English literature and philosophy, Peter MacMillan moved from his native Ireland to Japan to become a university lecturer. He wrote the first full English translation of the Hyakunin Isshu, a collection of classical Japanese poems. In a Japanophiles interview with Peter Barakan, MacMillan explains the intricacies of translating ancient Japanese into English. He talks about the appeal of Japanese poetry, and how he's bringing it to a wider, global audience using games and art.

There are 6 dog breeds native to Japan, including Akita and Shiba Inu. Each has adapted to the region of its origin, but they all have pointy ears, a curved tail, and an unwavering loyalty to their owner. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is Japanese dog breeds. Our guest is Mitsuaki Ohta, a professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture. He explains the difference between Western and Japanese breeds. And in Plus One, Matt Alt looks at efforts to increase the number of Akita owners

Oni -- Japanese ogres -- appear to be halfway between humans and beasts, with animal horns and scowling expressions. They come from ancient folklore, but are a big part of modern Japanese society, both through stories, and seasonal events like Setsubun. Many are feared, but others are respected as deities who can control natural phenomena such as wind and lightning. Our main guest is Kazuhiko Komatsu, a leading folklore researcher. He tells us why Oni are more than just terrifying monsters.

"Taishu engeki," or "popular theater," is a fun and engaging form of entertainment that is intended to appeal to everyone. Typical performances are period dramas, telling stories of samurai and sword-fighting. The shows also feature singing, dancing, and glamorous costumes. Our guests are Ryuji Sawa and Daigoro Tachibana, both leaders of theater troupes. Sawa is a veteran with 8 decades of experience, while Tachibana has made a name for himself as a performer of female roles.

Japan offers a huge variety of meat dishes, including sumptuous wagyu beef and casual chicken skewers. But these highlights of Japanese cuisine are recent developments; meat consumption was actually banned in Japan for 1,200 years. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is meat. Our main guest, Professor Nobuo Harada of Kokushikan University, explains the history behind meat-eating in Japan. And in Plus One, Matt Alt discovers how livestock farmers achieve such wonderfully marbled beef.

When Oussouby Sacko, from the Republic of Mali in western Africa, arrived in Japan, he knew very little about the language or culture. Nearly three decades later, in April 2018, he was appointed the president of Kyoto Seika University. This time on Japanophiles, Sacko explains to Peter Barakan why he came to Japan, how he became the first African president of a Japanese university, and what his ambitions are for the students he leads.

70% of Japan is covered in forests. The Japanese have been using wood as a building material for hundreds of years, and the nation is home to the world's oldest wooden structures. Their longevity is a testament to the skill of the people who built them. In the second of two editions focusing on wood, Japanology Plus introduces the tools and techniques used by Japanese carpenters. Our guests are Kenzo Akao, director of the Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, and Akinori Abo, a professional carpenter.

70% of Japan's land is covered in forests and woodland. For centuries, wood has been used for furniture, buildings, and tools. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is the cultural significance of wood. Our main guest, architecture expert Kazuyoshi Fumoto, explains why wood continues to be a mainstay of modern Japanese life and why people feel so warmly towards it. And in Plus One, Matt Alt discovers the level of precision that Japanese carpenters are able to achieve.

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Christianity was banned in Japan. During the ban, believers faced unimaginable persecution. Some, however, held onto their faith and devised ways to worship in secret, often in remote locations such as Nagasaki's Goto islands.

When the West first established trade relations with Japan, one of its major exports, alongside goods, was religion. Brought in by foreign missionaries, Christianity began to catch on—especially around Nagasaki, the port that became Japan's key link with the Western world. Fearing Christianity's expanding influence, Japan's rulers banned the religion and persecuted its followers—but rather than abandon their faith, many of Japan's Christians went underground, practicing in secret for around 250 years.

This time on Japanophiles, French national Thomas Bertrand details how he decided to think outside the box in his quest to introduce Japanese culture to a global audience

If there's one thing that makes Japanese homes immediately identifiable, it's their roofs—or, to be more specific, the tiles that make up those roofs. These intricate tiles, which have been part of the Japanese landscape for well over a millennium, are the handiwork of roof tilers, who share the same passion for their craft as generations of tilers before them.

David Stanley Hewett is a contemporary artist who specializes in ceramics and abstract painting. Japanese techniques, as well as ideas like bushido, play a huge role in his work. Hewett has been a resident of Japan since 1988. His artwork features prominently in major hotels, and his exhibitions regularly sell out. This time on Japanophiles, Hewett tells us about his life, his artistic processes, and what it is about Japan that inspires him so much.

With 10 billion eaten every year, onigiri (rice balls) are one of Japan's most popular foods. They combine rice, salt, nori seaweed and a filling to create a simple meal, perfect for eating on the go. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is onigiri: rice balls. Our main guest is Yusuke Nakamura, Representative Director of the Onigiri Society and a man who personally eats 3,600 rice balls a year. And in Plus One, Matt Alt visits an onigiri specialty store to learn how to make one himself.

About 20% of all the world's aquariums are found in Japan. Many feature unique specialties, from jellyfish to frozen river scenery. Others borrow techniques from Japanese garden design. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is aquariums. Our main guest is Hajime Nakamura, an "aquarium producer" who explains why these aquatic utopias are so enduringly popular. And in Plus One, Matt Alt goes behind the scenes at the Sumida Aquarium at Tokyo Skytree Town.

Almost every primary school student in Japan uses the same type of school bag. These distinctive, blocky satchels are spacious, durable, and packed with clever features. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is school satchels. We explore their history, production, and future potential. Our guest is Kuniyo Hayashi, the president of a long-established satchel-making company. And in Plus One, a primary school student shows us how she uses her bag on a day-to-day basis.

Every year, children in schools all across Japan take part in a sports day. It's one of the most important dates on the calendar, not just for the students, but for their parents too. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is school sports days. Our main guest, sports writer Masayuki Tamaki, talks about their history, how they've changed, and their future. And in Plus One, Matt Alt follows a family as they prepare for, then attend, a primary school sports day.

Japan is a country with frequent earthquakes and protecting buildings is a key concern. Over the years people have developed many creative ways of achieving this. Certain techniques are found both in ancient wooden buildings and in contemporary skyscrapers. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is earthquake-resistant architecture. Our expert guest is Atsushi Ueda, an architect and researcher. And in Plus One, we learn the secrets behind the durability of a traditional Japanese house.

Japan's many shrines and temples are not interchangeable; they represent very different customs, and offer different objects of prayer. Many Japanese people have a distinctive spiritual outlook that prompts them to pray at both shrines and temples. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is a sense of the divine. Our guest is Daiko Matsuyama, a priest at a temple in Kyoto who promotes understanding of Japanese Buddhism on a global scale. And in Plus One, ways to engage with a famous religious landmark in Tokyo.

This edition of Japanophiles centers on Jagmohan S. Chandrani, an Indian who has been in Japan for four full decades. We hear how he became known as a founding father of the largest Indian community in Japan. Through his story, we get an insight into the experience of moving to Japan from abroad and the culture that immigrants bring with them. Chandrani has spent almost all his life in Japan in Nishi-kasai, a commuter town on the eastern tip of Tokyo. When he arrived, it was covered in farmland and didn't even have a train station. It has since undergone massive urban development and is now known to some as "Little India."

Japan is a world leader in utilizing underground space, and that's exemplified by its network of underground shopping streets. There are around 80 of these subterranean shopping centers across the country, selling the goods and services that Japanese people need in their daily lives. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is underground shopping streets. Our guest is Yu Hiroi, an expert on urban disaster mitigation. And in Plus One, we visit Japan's oldest surviving underground shopping street.

Each morning millions of Japanese start their day with radio calisthenics. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is radio calisthenics. Practically everyone in Japan—young and old—is familiar with these exercises, which started 90 years ago and spread to parks, schools, neighborhood associations and workplaces all over the country. Our guest is nonfiction writer Hidemine Takahashi, who has studied radio calisthenics closely. And in Plus One, some of the key points of the exercises.

Japanese ghosts (yurei) often appear in a type of painting called yureiga ("ghost pictures"). One feature of this art is the frequent appearance of female ghosts. Japanese ghosts, however, come in various forms, all of which reveal aspects of the world beyond. On this edition of Japanology Plus our guests are Takahiro Saeki, an expert on Japanese tales of the supernatural, and Fuyuko Matsui, a nihonga painter who specializes in yureiga. And in Plus One, a temple with some precious ghost pictures.

In Japan's hottest months, many people head out to summer resorts. While the concept initially came from Western expatriates, summer resorts then evolved along uniquely Japanese lines. These days they offer activities that cover a range of outdoor thrills and entertainment for the whole family. Our guest is Hiroyuki Yasujima, a professor of tourism and community studies at Atomi University who has studied summer resort areas around the world. And in Plus One, a summer resort offering something for everyone.

When people from many countries imagine a regional roadside pit stop, what comes to mind might be the bare essentials: gasoline, a few toilets, and maybe a convenience store. But Japan's regional pit stops, which are known as "roadside stations," are multi-faceted centers of community life with farmers' markets, unique family-friendly activities and more. Why are Japan's roadside stations a cut above, and what do some of the country's most outstanding stations have to offer? That's the theme of this edition of Japanology Plus.

Bruce Gutlove is an American who for decades has contributed to the growing reputation of Japanese wines. His career highlights include two wines that were served at G8 Summits in Japan. For many years he worked at a vineyard in Tochigi prefecture that offers workers with developmental disabilities to explore their potential. Nowadays he has his own winery in Hokkaido. This time on Japanophiles, Bruce Gutlove reviews his career and discusses the challenge of making great wine in Japan.

At first glance, life on the Ogasawara Islands may seem akin to living in paradise. Known for their amazing range of biodiversity and beautiful natural scenery, the islands were registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011. However, perhaps an even more important, yet much lesser known, part of the islands' identity is their significance during World War II and the events that transpired on the islands during the post-war occupation.

This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is the Ogasawara Islands, a remote archipelago with a unique ecosystem and multicultural heritage. Located 1,000 kilometers off Japan's Pacific coast, the Ogasawara Islands were first settled by a group of Westerners and South Pacific Islanders, who interacted with later Japanese settlers to bring forth a unique culture. Our expert guide is Sho Sebori, a direct descendant of the American who became the leader of the first community on the islands.

Rice has been an integral part of life in Japan for over 2,000 years. Traditionally, one alternative name for Japan is mizuho no kuni, or "the Land of Abundant Rice." As we learn on this edition of Japanology Plus, when society shifted from hunting and gathering to agriculture during the Yayoi period, communities formed around rice paddies to facilitate the cooperation necessary for bringing in a plentiful harvest. This organizational structure laid a foundation for Japanese society, and the effects can still be seen in Japan's cultural identity and people's shared beliefs today.

In Japan, graves are found at temples or in independent cemeteries. They are places where families regularly pay respects and also report on key events in life. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is graves. What role do they play in everyday life, and how are memories of the deceased preserved in Japan? Our guest is Yoko Nagae, who has traveled to 45 countries to study funeral cultures around the world. And in Plus One, new types of graves.

For over two centuries, Japan's military government kept the country isolated. Then in 1868 a national transformation began, culminating with a period of growth after the Second World War that came to be known as the "economic miracle." This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is industrial heritage. Our guest is Osamu Kamei, the vice-director of Center of the History of Japanese Industrial Technology at the National Museum of Nature and Science. And in Plus One, Japan's silk heritage.

David E. Wells is an American chef who has been preparing Japanese food professionally for 35 years. The delicate dishes he creates are firmly grounded in the core values of Japanese cuisine. Instead of working at a restaurant, he provides catering services for clients who want to entertain at home. This time on Japanophiles, Wells shares his insights into the lifelong process of learning to appreciate the many possibilities of Japanese ingredients.

Exposed to the fury of waves and weather, lighthouses hold a cherished place in Japanese hearts. In recent years, the advent of GPS and radar has led to the demolition of many lighthouses, but they live on in the memories of those who looked to them for guidance. This time on Japanology Plus, we cast light on the subtle appeal of lighthouses in Japan. Our guest is Mayuu Fudo, editor of a free magazine dedicated to the appeal of lighthouses. And in Plus One, memories of life as a lighthouse keeper.

Japanese department stores and supermarkets display whole cases of tempura, tonkatsu, croquettes, and other classic forms of deep-fried food. It's a popular choice when eating out, as well as when dining at home. This time on Japanology Plus, we explore some of the varieties of deep-fried food that are most loved in Japan. Our guest, food journalist Chieko Mukasa, is an expert on Japanese culinary culture. And in Plus One, how to make a Nagoya delicacy: jumbo fried prawn.

Over the past year, 98% of people in Japan shopped at a 100 yen store. These shops were once associated with cheap, low-quality merchandise. Over the years, however, quality has been improving, and now 100 yen goods are often used in everyday life. Exactly how do 100 yen shops contribute to general well-being in Japan? This time on Japanology Plus, our expert guest is Emiko Masao, who writes an influential blog about making the most of what 100 yen shops offer. And in Plus One, ways to use 100 yen items in a DIY project.

Japanese weddings are the event of a lifetime, whether they're held at a Shinto shrine, Buddhist temple, or Christian church. But the number of weddings has dipped in recent years amid social trends toward staying single or marrying late. Even so, services that assist with getting married are proving to be popular. This time, we look at Japanese weddings. Our expert guest is Noriko Nagamine, a magazine editor who has written extensively on weddings. And in Plus One, a matchmaking bus tour!

The Japanese fondness for life in miniature dates back centuries, and from it arose many types of intricately crafted tiny items that are still common in everyday life today. This time on Japanology Plus, we look at the Japanese enthusiasm for crafting and appreciating miniatures. Our guests include the internationally acclaimed diorama artist Takuji Yamada. And in Plus One, the difficulty of punching a tiny hole in a piece of metal that is to be used in a realistic model of a train.

Fewer people are using trains in outlying regions of Japan, and about one third of Japanese rail lines operate in the red. Because of this, regional rail companies have been shutting down money-losing lines or expanding into side businesses. This time on Japanology Plus, we look at the crisis regional railways are facing. Our guest, Hiroaki Oshima, works at a private-sector thinktank studying Japan's systems for moving goods and people. And in Plus One, hiking a famous old rail route in Gunma Prefecture.

Bjorn Heiberg is a connoisseur of the cutting edge of Japanese knives. Japanese swords are famous around the world for their unrivaled quality. These days, smiths use the same techniques that were perfected for sword-making to craft top-quality knives. Heiberg is not a knife maker himself. Rather, he owns cutlery stores where he sells the finest knives made by the most skilled smiths. Many of these smiths can be found in Sakai, Osaka, one of the centers of the Japanese knife-making tradition.

As in much of the industrialized world, a significant amount of shopping in Japan takes place in towering shopping malls and chain supermarkets. But cities and towns throughout the country are also home to a more traditional form of shopping thanks to their shotengai, or shopping streets. While these traditional shopping streets are facing numerous challenges, they're also being reevaluated for their friendly atmosphere and contribution to the social fabric of their neighborhoods. In this edition of Japanology Plus, we take a stroll down several of these shopping streets and find out why they're worth a visit.

In winter, many parts of Japan accumulate massive amounts of snow. While the snow generates significant challenges in daily life, roads, railways, and airports generally keep functioning. This time on Japanology Plus our theme is snow removal. We see ways to tackle the snow and keep everyday life running smoothly throughout the winter. Our guest is Natsuo Numano, who has studied and written about snow-related matters. And in Plus One, safe ways to get snow off a roof.

Japan's game arcades are packed with all kinds of entertainment and game machines are found all over the country. They're not just for children—they attract families, friends, and people of all ages. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is game arcades and what they mean to people in Japan. Our expert guest, Masatoshi Tamura, has 40 years of experience working for a major developer of arcade games. And in Plus One, how to get yourself certified as a player of Japan's ubiquitous crane games.

Japan, like the rest of the developed world, has taken a serious shine to online shopping. 3.9 billion home deliveries were made in 2016 alone, and that volume doesn't show any signs of slowing down. Japan's wholehearted embrace of online shopping is fueled, in part, thanks to the country's efficient shipping infrastructure, in which next-day delivery is the norm. Hit the streets in Japan and you're bound to spot uniformed men and women delivering packages by truck, scooter, bicycle, and on foot with speed and dedication that may surprise those from other countries. But the ever-increasing number of packages is putting strain on these workers and the logistics that support them. On this edition of Japanology Plus, we take a look at the system as it exists and some of the new ideas that will be needed to keep it running in the future.

The long history of Japanese culture is replete with various forms of traditional music and storytelling, many of which have been featured on Japanology Plus. This time our focus is on joruri, one such traditional performing art. Our guide is a unique practitioner of that art: Stephanie Tomiyasu, an American who trains under one of Japan's leading joruri instructors. Tomiyasu's life in Japan and her position as a foreign joruri practitioner are the subject of our latest Japanophiles edition.

Japan is widely acclaimed as one of the world's safest countries, and the police contribute greatly to this outstanding national reputation. Beyond solving nearly all murders and many other crimes, the police in Japan are a familiar community presence, trusted by adults and children alike. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is the police. Our expert guest, Masahiro Tamura, served in the police force for 36 years and is now a university professor. And in Plus One, the work of a police sketch artist.

With the sea on every side, Japan is a leading fishing nation, home to some of the world's most productive fisheries. Various methods have been developed to improve catches, and in recent years new initiatives have been launched to revitalize the fishing industry. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is ocean fishing. Our expert guest is Prof. Osamu Baba from Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. In Plus One, Matt fishes in the mud for "aliens."

At Japan's busiest airports, a flight may arrive or depart every two minutes or so. In spite of this, Japanese airlines are frequently ranked among the world's leading on-time flight operators. Making their punctual performance possible are Japanese values and professional expertise. This time on Japanology Plus, we explore the wonders of air travel in Japan. Our expert guest, Shunji Akimoto, is a journalist who covers the air industry globally. And in Plus One, how to wash a passenger jet.

Japan is often hit by disaster. When tragedy strikes, special rescue teams swing into action. Japan's special rescue teams are among the world's best-equipped, best-trained, and most experienced. They have the capabilities to respond rapidly to any type of emergency. This time on Japanology Plus, we look at how special rescue teams save lives in Japan. Our expert guest, Masayuki Kikuchi, is a photojournalist with a special interest in crisis management. And in Plus One, Matt Alt to the rescue!

Shinto shrines are found throughout Japan. Shinto priests protect the enshrined spirits, known as kami, and perform various rites. They also make an important contribution to preserving and passing on aspects of Japanese culture that date back thousands of years. This time on Japanology Plus, we look at the duties of shrine priests. Our expert guest is Yorio Fujimoto, an associate professor at a university that is well known for its Shinto studies program. And in Plus One, the role of the shrine maiden, or miko.

Japan is renowned for research into elementary particles, a key to unlocking the mystery of the origins of the universe. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is particle physics research. Our guide as we review Japanese discoveries and explore some of the facilities on the front line of research is special guest Dr. Makoto Kobayashi, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008. And in Plus One, we take a look at the precision glass manufacturing that makes subatomic particle detection possible.

Originally from Seattle, Washington in the US, Tyler Lynch manages a Japanese inn, or ryokan, at a hot springs resort in Nagano Prefecture. Lynch fell in love with the ryokan as a place where you can enjoy a traditional way of life that is otherwise disappearing. He listens carefully to guests in order to determine their preferences and needs, and offers them his own personal take on Japanese hospitality. He combines with various efforts to breathe fresh life into the local community.

The many amusement parks around Japan feature thrilling rides, animal attractions and seasonal activities like waterparks. Now these leisure facilities are undergoing a major transformation, and offering totally new concepts of fun. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is amusement parks. Our expert guest, Takashi Sasaki, is a writer who covers amusement parks for magazines and websites. And in Plus One, virtual reality takes the thrills and entertainment to new heights.

Swimming, soccer, gymnastics and more: Japanese children these days are increasingly enthusiastic about sports. Sports-focused kindergartens have become very popular, as have after-school training programs intended to nurture elite athletes. What lies behind this junior sports boom? This time on Japanology Plus, we explore the theme of children and sports. Our expert guest is Masayuki Tamaki, a sportswriter who covers the entire sporting spectrum. And in Plus One, a gym for Olympic prospects.

In countless everyday settings, individuals, companies, administrative bodies and others in Japan use anthropomorphized 2D characters to enhance communication. Following a recent Japanology Plus devoted to various manifestations of anthropomorphism, this time we delve deeper to explore the historical roots of this quintessentially Japanese phenomenon. Our expert guest, Professor Sadashige Aoki of Hosei University, specializes in "character culture." And in Plus One, a street of monsters in Kyoto.

In any Japanese city, you'll see countless signs and posters featuring anthropomorphic characters. This preference seems closely entwined with culture and the national character. This time on Japanology Plus, our theme is anthropomorphism. Our expert guest, Professor Sadashige Aoki of Hosei University, has analyzed the social impact of anthropomorphism and writes on "character culture." In Plus One, do Japanese and foreigners view characters differently?

Along with the hum of cicadas, the twinkling of wind chimes and the cracking of baseball bats, nothing quite defines Japanese summers like the bursting of fireworks. Literally thousands of fireworks events are held around the country and are attended by millions of spectators. For many in Japan, it simply isn't summer without fireworks—but why? That's the question posed in this edition of Japanology Plus.

Urban renewal is an everyday sight in Japan's big cities. Massive projects involving huge numbers of workers and multiple contractors advance smoothly, on schedule, and without bringing a busy city to a standstill. This time on Japanology Plus, we explore the secrets of Japan's urban renewal projects with the help of Keisuke Tamura, a leading architect who studies these mammoth undertakings in locations such as Shibuya in Tokyo. And in Plus One, we literally take a deeper look at the topic.